Would the Coronavirus Quarantine of Wuhan Even Work?

The Chinese government announced Wednesday that it would quarantine the city of Wuhan, the center of an outbreak of a new viral disease that has (officially) killed 17 people and infected more than 500. As of 10 AM Thursday morning in Wuhan—9 PM EST—no flights were leaving the airport. High-speed rail won’t depart for Shanghai, 500 miles to the east, or anywhere else. The bus terminals and roads are closed. Supposedly, it’s no one in or out.

To be clear, that’s nuts. Wuhan is a megacity with a population upwards of 11 million people—more than Los Angeles county, the most populous urban agglomeration in the US. It’s a central transportation hub fed by dozens of highways, an international airport, and one of the biggest rail transit systems on Earth. The Yangtze and Han rivers run through the city, too. Even a Google Map-level perspective shows a city that seems, well, un-siege-able. So disease response experts are having trouble figuring out what China’s public health officials plan to do here, how they’ll do it, or why. In an outbreak, by the time you try something as ambitious as quarantining a megacity, it’s already too late to quarantine the megacity.

As a public health tool, quarantine has a deep history. For diseases against which you have no pharmaceutical defense—which was the case for basically every disease for most of human history—what else can you do? Large-scale ones chased and followed every great epidemic from the 12th century European plague to cholera to smallpox to influenza. But once people figured out that pathogens like bacteria and viruses cause disease, other interventions came to supercede if not outright replace quarantine, or what public health experts today call social distancing. “The problem with social distancing is that we have very little evidence that it works,” says Larry Gostin, a professor of global health law at Georgetown University. “At most, it might delay for a short time an outbreak, but it’s very unlikely to stop the progressive spread.”

Part of the problem in Wuhan is that the global health community still isn’t entirely sure what the coronavirus—2019-nCoV, more formally—actually is or how it works. The best evidence so far is that the virus originated in bats, and transmitted first from an animal to a human in a “wet market,” a place where live animals are sold for food. And the virus has transmitted from humans at the market to other humans … but perhaps not from those humans to even more humans, and on and on. If the virus doesn’t transmit well from person to person, that’s good news. If the virus doesn’t survive for long outside a person, or it takes a lot of virus to infect someone, or satisfy any number of other characteristics of a really pernicious epidemic—if this whole outbreak comes down to a point-source of transmission, that market in Wuhan, that’s all a relief, and it means that a quarantine is too big a hammer. And an unpopular one, at that: The lockdown comes during New Year celebrations, when pretty much everyone wants to travel to be with family.

Yet police have already begun barricading roads. The siege, against all sense and logistics, is on. “It would be nearly impossible to be effective, even if you threw the entire Chinese military at it,” says John Spencer, chair of Urban Warfare Studies at the US Military Academy Modern War Institute. “You’d have to have a coast guard, a military. It’s just not feasible to seal in a major city in the modern age. It wasn’t even feasible before.” Supplies have to get in, containers have to come out. People denied resources like food and water are people who go searching for those resources, and while concrete barricades, cleverly deployed garbage trucks, and guardhouses might be able to regulate in-and-out automotive and truck traffic, they’re not much good against people on foot. And the disease has already spread internationally.

“Mandatory, involuntary quarantines can be difficult to enforce, and counterproductive,” says Jeremy Konyndyk, senior policy fellow at the Center for Global Development and former head of Global Disaster Response at USAID. “What you really want is for people to buy into it and feel they’re supported.” Otherwise they don’t comply, which is at minimum chaotic, and at maximum denies visibility on the health threat to the people who need it most. And at maximum maximum, people with symptoms don’t come forward and, confined with uninfected people, make them sick as well.

All of which makes China’s reasoning here even weirder. If the disease turns out to be what it looks like so far, it kills about 3 percent of the people it infects and has already spread beyond Wuhan, though researchers still have a lot to learn about how readily that happened. (For comparison, the case fatality rate for the 1918 influenza epidemic was 2.5 percent, but it was also wickedly transmissible.) “That raises questions about how useful a quarantine is at this point,” Kondynyk says. “The horse has probably already left the barn.”

In the worst case, that horse is a pale one, and death is riding with it. Quarantine is either a disproportionate, crazy response … or it’s not. It’s a last resort. “If you’re closing down a megacity like Wuhan, which is also central China’s major transportation hub, it tells me you’ve lost control of the epidemic,” Gostin says. “It tells me there’s widespread community transmission person-to-person, and that all the things we’ve been told about this being essentially an animal-vectored disease with limited or no human transmission were either false, or information that wasn’t well thought out.” It’s hard to trust the official line from China; one local estimate now puts the number of cases at more than 6,000. Gostin worries that the epidemic is already out of control. And even then, a security services-enforced lockdown might only exacerbate things. “You literally can’t close down a city to close down a microbe,” he says. “All these things seem to me to be impossible. You’d have to have a police state.” And it’d confine the uninfected with the infected, a public health disaster in the making.

In the worst worst case, it wouldn’t just be a disaster for Wuhan, because the quarantine almost certainly can’t hold, and the disease has already jumped the fence. The only way to know who’s right is to wait for the data.

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